In the United States, the economy has recouped nearly all the ground lost during the pandemic, and corporate earnings aren’t far behind. As I wrote in Firstlinks in April, 'A year like few others but what's next?', risk assets have discounted this V-shape recovery but as economic and earnings data evolves from forecast into fact, markets are looking ahead to see what’s next.
I believe what’s next will be a day of reckoning as investors grapple with higher yields. Here’s why.
Every investment opportunity is ultimately weighed against competing possibilities for use of funds. The decision to allocate capital happens only if the investment will clear its hurdle rate. While the height of every investment hurdle is determined by its idiosyncratic risk, real, inflation-adjusted interest rates are the first input into that calculus.
Anchors aweigh
During the 2020 recession, central bankers were determined not to allow lockdowns to morph into a credit crisis. In order to buoy animal spirits, policymakers drove real US Treasury yields deeply into negative territory, as illustrated in Exhibit 1 below.
In the years leading up to the pandemic, the real yield on the 10-year US Treasury Note lived in a meagre range below 1%, but at least it was positive and provided investors with some sort of measuring stick.
However, financial theory holds that asset prices can’t go negative. Since capitalism requires a hurdle rate, business school courses don’t teach students how to value a company or a project with negative nominal or real interest rates.
Without an anchor, it’s apparent why risk assets have risen as they have. Exhibit 2 overlays the advances made by the S&P 500 and MSCI World indices from their pandemic lows against the path of U.S. 10-year Treasury real yields into negative territory.
(The Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index measures the broad US stock market. The MSCI World Index measures stock markets in the developed world).
While there’s much sell-side research contending that risk assets can absorb inflation and higher rates, there’s an observable inverse correlation in the chart above that I think is causal and not coincidental. Since rates are the first hurdle in the valuation of any asset, higher rates, whether real or nominal, lower the value of that asset.
Negative real yields are unsustainable
As economies continue to reopen and excess savings are spent, inflationary pressures will continue to mount. We’re seeing it in goods such as lumber, semiconductors and automobiles; in services such as airfares, rental cars and vacation rentals; and in hard assets such as commodities and real estate.
Ultimately, we believe these pressures will prove transitory as the secular disinflationary forces of the past decade-plus — elevated debt levels, aging demographics and continued digitalisation, to name three — reassert themselves.
However, we’re confident that negative real rates are unsustainable and will eventually normalise. What we’re less confident about is the timing or the rate at which real yields will rise.
Regime shifts are always clear in hindsight but rarely at the point of inflection, yet markets have a way of sniffing them out. And when they do, we suspect that the relationship displayed in Exhibit 2 will reverse as rising real yields undermine equity valuations. As we go from forecast to fact, we believe market performance and leadership will look materially different than they have in the past several quarters.
Robert M. Almeida is a Global Investment Strategist and Portfolio Manager at MFS Investment Management. This article is for general informational purposes only and should not be considered investment advice or a recommendation to invest in any security or to adopt any investment strategy. Comments, opinions and analysis are rendered as of the date given and may change without notice due to market conditions and other factors. This article is issued in Australia by MFS International Australia Pty Ltd (ABN 68 607 579 537, AFSL 485343), a sponsor of Firstlinks.
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